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Vim使用

约 1535 字大约 5 分钟

Vim

2025-01-11

介绍

Vim 是一款对旧 UNIX 编辑器Vi的大幅改进版编辑器. 添加了许多新功能：多级撤消、语法高亮、命令行历史记录、在线帮助、拼写检查、文件名完成、块操作、脚本语言等。

安装

MacOS安装

MacOS预装了Vim，可以通过以下命令查看版本：

$ vim --version
VIM - Vi IMproved 9.0 (2022 Jun 28, compiled Sep 28 2024 21:37:19)
macOS version - arm64
Included patches: 1-2136, 2142
Compiled by root@apple.com
Normal version without GUI.  Features included (+) or not (-):
+acl               +file_in_path      +mouse_urxvt       -tag_any_white
-arabic            +find_in_path      +mouse_xterm       -tcl
+autocmd           +float             +multi_byte        +termguicolors
+autochdir         +folding           +multi_lang        +terminal
-autoservername    -footer            -mzscheme          +terminfo
-balloon_eval      +fork()            +netbeans_intg     +termresponse
-balloon_eval_term -gettext           +num64             +textobjects
-browse            -hangul_input      +packages          +textprop
++builtin_terms    +iconv             +path_extra        +timers
+byte_offset       +insert_expand     -perl              +title
+channel           +ipv6              +persistent_undo   -toolbar
+cindent           +job               +popupwin          +user_commands
-clientserver      +jumplist          +postscript        -vartabs
+clipboard         -keymap            +printer           +vertsplit
+cmdline_compl     +lambda            -profile           +vim9script
+cmdline_hist      -langmap           -python            +viminfo
+cmdline_info      +libcall           -python3           +virtualedit
+comments          +linebreak         +quickfix          +visual
+conceal           +lispindent        +reltime           +visualextra
+cryptv            +listcmds          -rightleft         +vreplace
+cscope            +localmap          -ruby              +wildignore
+cursorbind        -lua               +scrollbind        +wildmenu
+cursorshape       +menu              +signs             +windows
+dialog_con        +mksession         +smartindent       +writebackup
+diff              +modify_fname      -sodium            -X11
+digraphs          +mouse             -sound             -xattr
-dnd               -mouseshape        +spell             -xfontset
-ebcdic            +mouse_dec         +startuptime       -xim
-emacs_tags        -mouse_gpm         +statusline        -xpm
+eval              -mouse_jsbterm     -sun_workshop      -xsmp
+ex_extra          +mouse_netterm     +syntax            -xterm_clipboard
+extra_search      +mouse_sgr         +tag_binary        -xterm_save
-farsi             -mouse_sysmouse    -tag_old_static
   system vimrc file: "$VIM/vimrc"
     user vimrc file: "$HOME/.vimrc"
 2nd user vimrc file: "~/.vim/vimrc"
      user exrc file: "$HOME/.exrc"
       defaults file: "$VIMRUNTIME/defaults.vim"
  fall-back for $VIM: "/usr/share/vim"
Compilation: gcc -c -I. -Iproto -DHAVE_CONFIG_H   -DMACOS_X_UNIX  -g -O2 -U_FORTIFY_SOURCE -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=1
Linking: gcc   -L/usr/local/lib -o vim        -lm -lncurses  -liconv -framework Cocoa

如果没有安装vim，则使用Homebrew安装。

$ brew install vim

Ubuntu安装

  1. 查看Vim版本
$ vim --version
Command 'vim' not found, but can be installed with:
sudo apt install vim         # version 2:8.2.3995-1ubuntu2.13, or
sudo apt install vim-tiny    # version 2:8.2.3995-1ubuntu2.13
sudo apt install vim-athena  # version 2:8.2.3995-1ubuntu2.13
sudo apt install vim-gtk3    # version 2:8.2.3995-1ubuntu2.13
sudo apt install vim-nox     # version 2:8.2.3995-1ubuntu2.13
sudo apt install neovim      # version 0.6.1-3

没有安装就使用apt安装。

  1. 安装vim

使用apt安装vim，注意这里使用了sudo需要输入密码。

$ sudo apt install vim
[sudo] password for tdy: 
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree... Done
Reading state information... Done
The following packages were automatically installed and are no longer required:
  ibus-data ibus-gtk4 python3-ibus-1.0
Use 'sudo apt autoremove' to remove them.
The following additional packages will be installed:
  vim-common vim-runtime vim-tiny
Suggested packages:
  ctags vim-doc vim-scripts indent
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  vim vim-runtime
The following packages will be upgraded:
  vim-common vim-tiny
2 upgraded, 2 newly installed, 0 to remove and 42 not upgraded.
Need to get 9,361 kB of archives.
After this operation, 37.6 MB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] y
Get:1 http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy-updates/main amd64 vim-tiny amd64 2:8.2.3995-1ubuntu2.15 [710 kB]
Get:2 http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy-updates/main amd64 vim-common all 2:8.2.3995-1ubuntu2.15 [81.5 kB]
Get:3 http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy-updates/main amd64 vim-runtime all 2:8.2.3995-1ubuntu2.15 [6,835 kB]
Get:4 http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu jammy-updates/main amd64 vim amd64 2:8.2.3995-1ubuntu2.15 [1,735 kB]
Fetched 9,361 kB in 2s (4,896 kB/s)
(Reading database ... 221517 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../vim-tiny_2%3a8.2.3995-1ubuntu2.15_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking vim-tiny (2:8.2.3995-1ubuntu2.15) over (2:8.2.3995-1ubuntu2.13) ...
Preparing to unpack .../vim-common_2%3a8.2.3995-1ubuntu2.15_all.deb ...
Unpacking vim-common (2:8.2.3995-1ubuntu2.15) over (2:8.2.3995-1ubuntu2.13) ...
Selecting previously unselected package vim-runtime.
Preparing to unpack .../vim-runtime_2%3a8.2.3995-1ubuntu2.15_all.deb ...
Adding 'diversion of /usr/share/vim/vim82/doc/help.txt to /usr/share/vim/vim82/doc/help.txt.vim-tiny by vim-run
time'
Adding 'diversion of /usr/share/vim/vim82/doc/tags to /usr/share/vim/vim82/doc/tags.vim-tiny by vim-runtime'
Unpacking vim-runtime (2:8.2.3995-1ubuntu2.15) ...
Selecting previously unselected package vim.
Preparing to unpack .../vim_2%3a8.2.3995-1ubuntu2.15_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking vim (2:8.2.3995-1ubuntu2.15) ...
Setting up vim-common (2:8.2.3995-1ubuntu2.15) ...
Setting up vim-runtime (2:8.2.3995-1ubuntu2.15) ...
Setting up vim (2:8.2.3995-1ubuntu2.15) ...
update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/vim.basic to provide /usr/bin/vim (vim) in auto mode
update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/vim.basic to provide /usr/bin/vimdiff (vimdiff) in auto mode
update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/vim.basic to provide /usr/bin/rvim (rvim) in auto mode
update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/vim.basic to provide /usr/bin/rview (rview) in auto mode
update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/vim.basic to provide /usr/bin/vi (vi) in auto mode
update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/vim.basic to provide /usr/bin/view (view) in auto mode
update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/vim.basic to provide /usr/bin/ex (ex) in auto mode
Setting up vim-tiny (2:8.2.3995-1ubuntu2.15) ...
Processing triggers for mailcap (3.70+nmu1ubuntu1) ...
Processing triggers for desktop-file-utils (0.26-1ubuntu3) ...
Processing triggers for hicolor-icon-theme (0.17-2) ...
Processing triggers for gnome-menus (3.36.0-1ubuntu3) ...
Processing triggers for man-db (2.10.2-1) ...

注意安装时会提示输入密码

  1. 查看版本

安装之后查看Vim版本，确认是否安装成功。

$ vim --version
VIM - Vi IMproved 8.2 (2019 Dec 12, compiled Dec 05 2023 17:58:57)
Included patches: 1-579, 1969, 580-1848, 4975, 5016, 5023, 5072, 2068, 1849-1854, 1857, 1855-1857, 1331, 1858, 1858-1859, 1873, 1860-1969, 1992, 1970-1992, 2010, 1993-2068, 2106, 2069-2106, 2108, 2107-2109, 2109-3995, 4563, 4646, 4774, 4895, 4899, 4901, 4919, 213, 1840, 1846-1847, 2110-2112, 2121
Modified by team+vim@tracker.debian.org
Compiled by team+vim@tracker.debian.org
Huge version without GUI.  Features included (+) or not (-):
+acl               +file_in_path      +mouse_urxvt       -tag_any_white
+arabic            +find_in_path      +mouse_xterm       -tcl
+autocmd           +float             +multi_byte        +termguicolors
+autochdir         +folding           +multi_lang        +terminal
-autoservername    -footer            -mzscheme          +terminfo
-balloon_eval      +fork()            +netbeans_intg     +termresponse
+balloon_eval_term +gettext           +num64             +textobjects
-browse            -hangul_input      +packages          +textprop
++builtin_terms    +iconv             +path_extra        +timers
+byte_offset       +insert_expand     -perl              +title
+channel           +ipv6              +persistent_undo   -toolbar
+cindent           +job               +popupwin          +user_commands
-clientserver      +jumplist          +postscript        +vartabs
-clipboard         +keymap            +printer           +vertsplit
+cmdline_compl     +lambda            +profile           +vim9script
+cmdline_hist      +langmap           -python            +viminfo
+cmdline_info      +libcall           +python3           +virtualedit
+comments          +linebreak         +quickfix          +visual
+conceal           +lispindent        +reltime           +visualextra
+cryptv            +listcmds          +rightleft         +vreplace
+cscope            +localmap          -ruby              +wildignore
+cursorbind        -lua               +scrollbind        +wildmenu
+cursorshape       +menu              +signs             +windows
+dialog_con        +mksession         +smartindent       +writebackup
+diff              +modify_fname      +sodium            -X11
+digraphs          +mouse             -sound             -xfontset
-dnd               -mouseshape        +spell             -xim
-ebcdic            +mouse_dec         +startuptime       -xpm
+emacs_tags        +mouse_gpm         +statusline        -xsmp
+eval              -mouse_jsbterm     -sun_workshop      -xterm_clipboard
+ex_extra          +mouse_netterm     +syntax            -xterm_save
+extra_search      +mouse_sgr         +tag_binary        
-farsi             -mouse_sysmouse    -tag_old_static    
   system vimrc file: "$VIM/vimrc"
     user vimrc file: "$HOME/.vimrc"
 2nd user vimrc file: "~/.vim/vimrc"
      user exrc file: "$HOME/.exrc"
       defaults file: "$VIMRUNTIME/defaults.vim"
  fall-back for $VIM: "/usr/share/vim"
Compilation: gcc -c -I. -Iproto -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -Wdate-time -g -O2 -ffile-prefix-map=/build/vim-gVT2fw/vim-8.2.3995=. -flto=auto -ffat-lto-objects -flto=auto -ffat-lto-objects -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -D_REENTRANT -U_FORTIFY_SOURCE -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=1 
Linking: gcc -Wl,-Bsymbolic-functions -flto=auto -ffat-lto-objects -flto=auto -Wl,-z,relro -Wl,-z,now -Wl,--as-needed -o vim -lm -ltinfo -lselinux -lsodium -lacl -lattr -lgpm -L/usr/lib/python3.10/config-3.10-x86_64-linux-gnu -lpython3.10 -lcrypt -ldl -lm -lm

使用

  • TODO: vim基本命令

最常用使用

我使用vim最常用的方法，就是在命令行编辑一些文件，如/etc/nginx/conf.d/目录下的配置文件。

下面以使用vim修改某个nginx的配置文件为例，加入配置文件的名称为：web.conf。

  1. 使用ssh通过别名和SRA秘钥认证，链接到服务器。
$ ssh 服务器别名
  1. cd到配置文件目录
$ cd /etc/nginx/conf.d
  1. 使用vim打开配置文件
$ vim web.conf
  1. 编辑配置文件

在vim中，按i键进入编辑模式，编辑配置文件，编辑完成后，按Esc键退出编辑模式，然后按Shift + :键，输入wq，回车，保存并退出。

  1. 校验配置文件
$ nginx -t

注意 这一步经常容易被忽略，如果配置文件有语法错误，nginx服务将无法启动。之前就好几次发现有些人修改后直接重启！

  1. 重启nginx服务
$ nginx -s reload

参考

Github vimWindows通过密钥访问github

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